Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Effects of urban environments on animals

Introduction

● the [1] – because of its general adaptability

● the pigeon – because walls of city buildings are similar to [2]. In fact, many urban animals are adapting with unusual [3]

Recent research

● Emilie Snell-Rood studied small urbanised mammal specimens from museums in Minnesota.

– She found the size of their [4] had increased.

– She suggests this may be due to the need to locate new sources of [5] and to deal with new dangers.

● Catarina Miranda focused on the [6] of urban and rural blackbirds.

– She found urban birds were often braver, but were afraid of situations that were [7].

● Jonathan Atwell studies how animals respond to urban environments.

– He found that some animals respond to [8] by producing lower levels of hormones.

● Sarah Partan’s team found urban squirrels use their [9] to help them communicate.

Long-term possibilities

Species of animals may develop which are unique to cities. However, some changes may not be [10].